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Tuesday 31 May 2011

The Passion Of A Revolutionist






Book Title: The Twelve-Day Revolution
Author: Major Isaac Jasper Adaka Bori
Publisher: Idoko Umeh Publishers, Nigeria
Pp: 158.

By: Tamunobarabi Ibulubo

There is no pretension about it. Every word and page composition depicts that. And it is a commendable style of writing adopted by the author of the book, The Twelve-Day Revolution.

This subtle tint though compellingly forceful, keeps the reader curious to find the heroic traits of the chief character in the narration. The first person narration gives it that impetus, though limited of the account. And it is almost conversational where the narrative voice abruptly could stop either to digress or just refused to provide more information. But always it is done with an apology rendered to keep the reader-author’s contract on for the appreciation of the central issues of the revolution.  

The author reconstructs the heroic personality of Isaac Boro. He is the young Ijaw [Izon] son, most notable in Nigerian history as the person who wanted liberation at all costs, even to the point of death for the Ijaws. He turns down every attempt to bribe him to discard his dream for the Niger Delta people. It is just difficult for the reader to enjoy any room of liberty to resist, at the first instance, the biases in the narration of the issues. This is not to undermine the fact that the reader do have taste and time liberty to judge otherwise. And as the reader goes through the pages, he would be confronted with that magnitude of revolution talked about but may not succumb.

Although, rejected and vehemently opposed, the revolution still survives till this moment. Read the book to have your judgement if truly, such heroic personality could be deduced from the chief character of the book.
Isaac Boro was born in Oloibiri on 10th September 1938. Oloibiri is the place where oil was first struck in commercial quantity located in the present Bayelsa State of Niger Delta Region in Nigeria. He grew up partly in Port Harcourt and in Kaiama, most of the time travelling with his father who was headmaster at the mission’s school.

He personally experienced gross injustice and monstrous corruption in the Nigerian system. He does not hide his anger against what he perceived as an unjust annexing of Niger Delta into the Nigeria in 1914. And he is uncomfortable with the refusal by the colonial masters to accord due consideration to the distinct characteristic of the people. So that it was obvious from the time of Nigeria political independence that Niger Delta would not always endure that unholy solemnisation. The only solace he has at the time was in Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa who gave kind consideration to Niger Delta.

So Isaac Boro started to team up with like minds. Together they find the path that leads to liberation of the region from the claws of a corrupt system. A system that is so frustrating that he said; “we are revolutionaries who want to save our people, the Ijaws, from slavery and cheating”. This is especially so because the Ijaws, the fourth largest ethnic group were denied the status enjoyed by the Hausa, Yoruba and Igbos. This is in spite of the face that lays the region lays the ‘golden egg’ that sustains Nigeria’s economy. You will read the book for yourself to get at the details. So this work will not recluse into such retelling of the story.

The book is an autobiographical rendition of the Isaac Boro’s reasons for staging the revolution which lasted for twelve days. And it was the first of such bold attempt to seek freedom from the injustice and corruption that had clogged the wheel of meaningful national growth.  Doing so, Isaac Boro with some of his faithful friends like Samuel Onwuru and Nothingham Dick who stuck with him from the beginning to the end, fought for liberation.
The first recruits were unemployed youths who had been charged to court for their inability to pay tax. They volunteered like other willing youths for the Isaac Boro-led Niger Delta Volunteer Service.

So on February 1966, the revolution started but by the 7th March 1966, the Federal Forces had rounded them up and charged them with treason in the sixty days court trial. Isaac, Samuel and Nothingham were the “hens” before the judge, prosecutor and investigators who were “foxes”.

The book is written into sixteen chapters. There is an almost aloft nature given to the paragraphing style. If it is intentional, the effect intended is visible. They create the sequence of time, thought, plan and give a general direction to the movement felt in the narration. It does so with the most simple but expressive language that brings to the fore the import and the spirit of the story.

The book does not make any attempt at masking identity of geographical setting, characters and issues as it is common with most autobiographies. This Niger Delta son and his people feel and live in fetters. So he tries to retain his pride and live within the ambit of the law. This is evident in his dealings with the people as a school teacher at the rank of a second headmaster, a police man of a Divisional Inspector rank, a student union government leader at University of Nigeria and as a public servant with the University of Lagos as a Technical Officer. That liberation is the only option for the Ijaw people to live with pride, dignity and benefit from the resources endowed in the region is not lost in his commitment to the cause.

He is opposed by the entire system. And in response, he consults with reliable allies, a development that takes him to Togo and Ghana. But he is unable to muster the local people effectively to connect to his cause. Perhaps the time is ripe for the revolution and he is impatient with the people. He is propelled by the infamous military action of January 1966 in Nigeria that resulted in the death of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

Being privy to plans by the Igbos to take over the central government, he is apprehensive that the Ijaws might suffer further subjugation. His belief is stronger for the Niger Delta People Republic with sixteen Ijaw clans of Apoi, Tarakiri, Kabouowei, Mein, Gbaran, Okogba, Kolokuma, Ogboin, Debe, Atisa, Buseni, Kalabari, Okrika, Opubu, Opokuma and Ogbia to be free from exploitation, denigrations and daily insult. His ability to treat the most grievous circumstances with a light mind becomes his greatest asset. 

And with a hundred and fifty pounds, the total emolument he receives from the University of Lagos on request becomes the start-off fund for the revolution project. He returns home with his wife Georgeinia and his friends for the struggle.

The book does have presence of the printer’s devil. It indulges itself in engaging in an argument to debunk claims of the descent of the Ijaw people that the Igbos are their forebears. And there are a total of eight pictures clustered in chapter nine. The insert adds a reality touch to the account rendered.    





*Tamunobarabi Gogo Ibulubo, with training from FRCN/BBC and NTA College, is a journalist. He writes and some of his poems with prosaic sounds, interestingly communicate idea, vision or feeling with vivid imaginary and interplay of words.  His art is a display of an individual expression of artistic essence directed towards a popular audience.And some of them have appeared in anthologies. And his work ‘Touch the Sky’ was short listed for 2009 ANA/FUNTIME children book award. His is a fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Administrators and Researchers. . He has certificates and degrees in Mass Communication, Public Relations, English Education and Business Management.



Monday 23 May 2011

My August Guest

By: Humphrey Ogu

Phil, my American girlfriend, says she wants to come to Port Harcourt. That is where I live. And I should be happy about it. But from the moment she tells me of the plan, I have the feelings of putrefaction in my stomach and anxiety on my mind.

How do I communicate these feelings to her? She is the only serious girl friend I have and a good one in that matter. At least from the distance traits she has shown to me. This desire to see me, not through the web cam has been built through the time we have known each other. But now, as good as the intention is, it makes me feel sick. It is not the planned visit that worries me. The pain is in the time she has chosen for the visit. I think it is awkward and there’s nothing to make me see it differently.

My reasons are these: My finances are low at the time. The paint on the wall of my one-room apartment has faded, giving the room the looks of a tiresomely sweated face rubbed with cake-powder.  And my mattress has just been seized by one of my creditors with no hope of redeeming it soon. If you enter my room, the sight is disgusting with carton papers spread on the floor. The situation has never bordered me until now. And I fear that my creditors may confront Phil if they see her in my company. I cannot explain it away that I can host a white lady and have no money to clear my indebtedness to them. 

I have to persuade Phil against her plan. And I do the explanations. All I need is a change in her plan to allow me time to raise my finances. I want to demonstrate to her the rich hospitality we are noted for. And to give her the best treat a friend can give to a friend. But she surprises me. As I speak, she listens to my plea and politely declines my request. Imagine that. I am upset and I want to express myself to her. But I am just not able to do it. It is obvious that my pride is at stake as much as our relationship.

Why is she in a hurry anyway? I will still be here in any case. But she will not listen and it is difficult for me to be a good host in this condition.

In all the years I have known Phil, money has not been a source of worry or an issue. She never borders me with monetary requests. And I have been very comfortable with that, owing largely to the fact that she is located very far away from me. And she has never asked me to scratch a card or anything in that manner for her. But now, I feel tormented.

Whatever good thought Phil has about me was now a silent tormenting force. And nothing is abating it. I am also caught in the web of never wanting to disappoint her. The more I tried to implore the tactics I know that have worked in the past to dissuade her, the more she sticks to her conviction. And she never probes too hard to know why I am not divulging information to her or getting so worried that she is visiting me.

And like an oversize trousers’ hem on a wet day that scoops up sand and dirt, my mind worries the more. Other concerns are the poor electricity supply and the return of vehicular queues at the filling stations that frustrate transportation. These are situations she teases me about, having read stories about Nigeria in the papers.  But always, I tell her that those stories are told out of proportion. Now she is coming at a time the situations are a common feature.

In the heat of the worry, my phone rings. I have carefully refused to keep the regular communication with her. But now Phil’s call has come through and my heart skips. It is the first time her call doesn’t excite me. Some of the money I borrowed is for her sake. It is to pay for the bills of my communications with her. Now with my left hand padding my chest my right hand holds the phone to my ears.

“Hi Phil,” I manage to say, steadying my voice, finding appropriate words to dissuade her. That is uppermost on my mind.

“Hi” she says, the hum tells me she is talking on a loud speaker.

Suddenly I feel my face rumpled and the words come out like water gushing out of a tap from my lips.  “Look Phil, considering your planned trip, I suggest...in fact put it off...I mean... your coming to  my place this year,” I say.

“Why?” she asks, the humming gone at a click.  “Tell me, Sanim...I did the calling...listen...is it that you don’t want to see me or what?” she adds.

“Why...of course I want to see you. I’ve always longed to see you. It’s just that I’m concerned about your safety,” I say, trying to convince her in my own way. “With three plane crashes in two years, air transportation seems unsafe here. There’s also an upsurge in kidnap cases in the Niger Delta, where I live.”

“I see! It’s all about my safety. You’re so caring.”


“You’re the best thing that has ever happened to me.”  I say

I have not been very successful with women, actually.  At least, the ones I meet seem to be obsessed with money. Their love for money overrides the value they place on themselves. And their love is for sale. I don’t have the purchasing power for the transaction. It is also against my belief to indulge in the commercialisation of love.

Before my relationship with Phil, Chika remains my focus. She fills the totality of being even before I start to court her.  But she berates me on the day I get her attention. The days that follow, she snubs me. It is always on the road that we meet. And it is obvious that she judges me from the perspective of how much money I can spend on her. She has more information on me than I seem to have on her.

When I mention it to my friend, Ben, he laughs. Then he calms down to say: “let me tell you, Sanim, a man that chases a fowl shouldn’t be afraid to fall to the ground.  You’ll take a dive and sometimes roll in the sand to catch the fowl. So far as you get what you wanted....”

“What if I don’t catch the hen, cock or the fowl?” I say, looking at him in amazement.

“It’s simple... stand up, dust yourself and move on. Or will you prefer to lie down there, instead?

Chinwe does show the extreme of Chika’s rudeness. She tells it to my face that I am a ‘pregnant man’, with a distasteful looks, whatever that means! A look in the mirror does not depict what she says about me. One’s gender notwithstanding, kwashiorkor has a way of making one look pregnant. I must confess. Maybe in my kwashiorkor-induced look, my stomach appears swollen. But that doesn’t call for an insult.

After these experiences, I extend my frontiers in the love-hunt to other shores. The adventure berths me at the shores of Phil at the World Wide Web. It is my poetry that captivates her, she says. With it she x-rays to see the beauty that resides in my heart. Never does she contaminate the voyage experience with focus on money. She is a lovely pal. And I like the society of the World Wide Web than the one Chika or Chinwe live in.

On the World Wide Web, I meet Phil on Skype, in the chat room, exchange emails regularly. We are often on phone, talking or exchanging text messages, she tells me one thing always--she likes my poetry.

On the planned visit by Phil, it is obvious that her mind is made up. I do not wait to end the phone conversation normally. I just punched off the line. But she calls again. It is to tell me that the next time I shall hear from her will be when she is in Port Harcourt. What a threat!

If Phil is truly coming to see me, then she should respect my convenience. It is important. That is what I have been told about Americans, that they respect others people’s convenience, but not in diplomatic business at all. But this love-driven Phil will not take any of my convenience into consideration. 

Night after night I imagine what to do with Phil’s threat. So it seems to me. First impression will matter. And the sight of my sordid one-room apartment will mar the friendship. So I try to keep things tidy. The side stool serves as my centre table, so I push it to the wall. The only upholstery chair has its cloth torn. It is at a corner. I try to polish it with groundnut oil and do some stitching of the cloth, even patching it.  The eight battery radio never hides its age.  It can blast with alluring beauty when powered. Two metal pots and a stove including a big drinking water container are carefully stationed behind the door. But the dishevel nature of the room is obvious. The curtains just now appear to me as first degree rags.

It is exactly one week after when I received her call.

“Hello, I’m at the airport!” she says, the excitement in her voice never sparks up anything than hatred for her.

“Which airport?” I ask as my heart skips a beat. Should I tell her that I am out of town? I contemplate.

“In your country’s airport...the Port Harcourt International Airport and I’m waiting for you to come to pick me up...I’m here...waiting!”

“You mean...?” I become dumbfounded and then stuttered: “Why didn’t you...?” 

“Okay, tell me if you don’t want to come then I’ll take a taxi to meet you at your place.”

“Alright, wait...I should be there...where do I meet you. But how come it’s your America number that you’re using to call me?”

“I’m on roaming...are you coming for me or not?”

“I will,” I reply as I dress up.

It is a long way from where I live to the airport by commercial means of transportation. But I get there just in time. Phil shows no sign of anger that suggests she waited too long. She beams smile at them from the distance. It is like the kind exhibited by a Nigerian who has been nominated for a political appointment. It is the first time we shall meet in this clime, physically too. And already what we feel for each other is strong to pull us closer.

 I walk up to her. And we locked ourselves in a warm embrace. I am surprise to have her rosy and luscious lips stuck on mine and she holds my head on. The shouts and laughter I hear from those who mill around the arrival lounge makes me shy. But believe me, a chief character in this pseudo American love movie on real ‘scene cinema’.

I feel excited to have Phil doing all that to me. Even if I am shy of such public outing I can imagine that it is with someone else. I feel pretty good to have Phil’s beauty wrapping round me.  I am happy she is my queen and no one dares share her with me. I allow my hands to caress the curvaceous, proportionate and velvety skin. I swear she is irresistible!

We walk out to the taxi stand and get one on a charter. All through the journey, she lies across my body and is curious at everything she sees. I love the warmth of her body and her chuckles. I am surprise that Phil has naira notes in her bag. She changes the dollars at the airport, she tells me. And with them she pays the fare.

The sight of her attracted my neighbours. Some hail, other murmured words I can conjecture. And I become the most important person, suddenly.

I look at her face as we enter my room and find no disgust. The Almanac on the wall attracts her. And she asks lots of questions. I know I have to offer her refreshment, at least a cup of water. But she turns it down and accepted a bottle of coke instead. Then I explain to her why she needs to stay in the hotel. She accepts on the condition that I will stay with her. The Hotel Presidential is her choice and we go there.

My neighbours think I have started a 419-business. That is the quickest way to deceive a pretty, well-cultured white lady like Phil. Or what will she have seen in a hopeless, jobless and indolent bachelor to be so attracted to him. That is no more my problem. It is difficult to ignore me.

Phil’s presence gives me a new aura of importance. There is this worm of lack of money eating me up like cankerworm. Is it the kind of feeling women have that set them always after money? Can the thought of money ever fizzle when love reigns supreme? In fact, it is difficult to think of her comfort without worrying about money. I mention it to her and she laughs. The distant laughter I used to hear on phone is here with me, so enthralling!

At the hotel, she books a single suite. And from the window she looks out to gain the view, looking down to the new GRA. I stand beside her and her hands curl into mine. Momentarily, she gives me a wink.

“You’re a nice man though very shy,” she says, as she sits beside me on the sofa.

There is protest bubbling in my mind but I try to hold my peace. It dawns on me that I am obligated to be nice to her.

“You’ll need some rest...I want to go...borrow some money from...and then tomorrow I’ll take you out...show you around,’’ I say, with a rustic grimace. The thought comes to me like a bout.

She bends over me and kisses me deeply. “Don’t worry about me,” she says, caressing my head. “Relax. I came not to obligate you but to proof my love to you...now I know you are real and many other things...just stay.”

“No...Okay,” I stammer. “But I’ll not sleep here today. Let me go...take care of some things and tomorrow, I’ll come.’’ I stand up a while, and hold her hand and confess. “I love you...trust me I really do.”

“I know,” she says and kisses me again. “Stay, please stay.”

“Tomorrow...I’ll stay.”

“Promise me you won’t borrow anything because of me.”

I hesitate but manage to give my words. Then she leads me to the door. And with the elevator, I descend the stairs and returns to my room.

My landlord and his wife can be predictable like most house owners. Any good thing they see in their tenants is a reason for the increment of rent. And I pray against those thoughts from flashing on his mind. Three more days and my rent will expire. The option is obvious. Either I am asked to quit or my rent is increased. Trying to be nice, I decide to introduce Phil to them. But with her consent that is, just as a ploy to postpone the evil day. 

I could hardly have a wink that night. My mind, all the time stays on Phil. I just sit up looking at the kerosene lamp as though I am watching it against theft. And before the brightness of the new day comes, I set out for the hotel. I am dressed in the best of clothes.

As if she knows I am coming. As soon as I knock, she opens the door. And standing by the door, she watches me walk in.

“Morning,” she says, and stands to lock the door as I enter.

“Good morning, I...hope you slept well?”

“Nay, watching Nigerian programmes on TV, putting up the list for today’s itinerary and other writings. Maybe you’ll watch over me as I sleep now.”

“No problems,’’ I say, and sit on the sofa to watch the television.

She sleeps in course of our conversation. But she knocks me out of sleep because I am not able to resist the comfort the air conditioner provides.

Together we bathe, have breakfast before setting out. In a chartered taxi we drive round parts of Port Harcourt. The tourist beach looks weary. The zoo looks like a bush bar for those who drink and play draft games.  The CANIRIV epitaph seems like a piece of metal abandoned by a goldsmith. The Hotel Olympia looks like a disused warehouse opened for destitute tourists. The only admirable Isaac Boro Park flyover dates back to 1981 and though older than the single lane flyovers politically-crafted, its beauty is unequalled.

And at each of those places, Phil chuckles as she makes her notes. Then at the new layout market, I take her to one of the alleys where steaming generating sets are filed, competing in a discordant orchestra of noise.

“They are the regular and reliable means of electricity supply,” I say.

“What about the gases flared away...the dams and the option of solar power? You guy are a rare species, and wonderful too,” she says as she holds my hands.

I feel so unsatisfied. I am not able to show to her the popular seaport Port Harcourt is noted for--the; one used by the slave traders and other merchandisers. They have been destroyed. And the taxi driver gets me angry. He asks me in Pidgin English if Phil is my wife.  I told him to mind his business.  But Phil senses the change in my tone and inquires. I tell her and she addresses the matter instantly.

While still in the taxi, she whispers in my ears. “Marry me.”

“You’re joking,’’ I say.

By the time we return to the hotel, it is settled. I shall henceforth look at her as my wife. Love is stronger. And money can easily build on it without the fear of being collapse. But I feel my ego in dire contest. I should fend for her and the new family, whether we live here or in her country.

“I’ll marry you... as long as...?”

“Don’t say it...we can go to the court to seal it up or any other way that suits you...you and I are one.”

Back at the hotel, we take launch together. And she starts to do some writings. By the evening, she insists that I should take her to the Apple of God’s Eye Mission. There, she concludes the plan with the priest for the marriage blessing.

I take her to my mother and some of my kinsmen. It is for the purposes of information. They know that they cannot dissuade me. I have a white lady whose greatest concern in the relationship is love. And we respect each other. We have mutual passion, above all.


                      --------------------------------------------------
v    Humphrey Ogu, a poet, fiction writer & journalist currently with the Information, Publications & Public Relations (IPPR) Unit of the University of Port Harcourt. A former Acting Secretary of Rivers State branch of   Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA), Ogu is the Founding Secretary of Seaview Poetry Club and an Editor of Pitakwa Review. He holds a degree in English & a Certificate in Creative Writing.

Wednesday 18 May 2011

In The Land Of My Birth

By: Humphrey Ogu

In the land of my birth
We live like motherless chicks
Vulnerable to marauding hawks

In the land of my birth
We live like vagrant vultures
Scavenging through refuse dumps
Drenched and scorched at will

In the land of my birth
We live like busy ants
Working round the clock
Yet feed on crumbs from neighbours’ table

In the land of my birth
We live like coconuts
Each seed supplies its own water
Yet we pay taxes

 In the land of my birth
We live like fireflies
Each beetle provides its own light
Yet we pay bills

In the land of my birth
We live like fishes out of water
Gasping and struggling for survival
In a ravaged environment

In the land of my birth
We wither like tomato plants in harmattan
Yet foreigners flower and flourish
In our wetland

In the land of my birth
We die of thirst on the island
Yet our streams and rivers
Irrigate other farms 



                      --------------------------------------------------
v    Humphrey Ogu, a poet, fiction writer & journalist currently with the Information, Publications & Public Relations (IPPR) Unit of the University of Port Harcourt. A former Acting Secretary of Rivers State branch of   Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA), Ogu is the Founding Secretary of Seaview Poetry Club and an Editor of Pitakwa Review. He holds a degree in English & a Certificate in Creative Writing.


 

Saturday 7 May 2011

Entrancing influences of Pictures


Essentials of Photojournalism and photography,
Edited by Sunny Udeze,
Pp.144,
Rhyce Kerex Publishers.

By: Tamunobarabi Ibulubo


Photography seems to be an all comer vocation now. This is especially so because of the growing number of GSM cell phones in the hands of users. A tool it is that continues to evolve from being a smart phone to higher application types like the IPod, Iphone and Android including the BlackBerry brand.

With a full blast of multimedia support applications in these phones, the user is able to record images. And the photography comes to the viewer much as the same; image on paper. This was what the writers of the book: Essentials of Photojournalism and photography, enunciated. And a picture is still worth a thousand words.

So, the act of photography is a serious profession. And it requires requisite training for the professional to equip himself with both personal skin and adequate knowledge of the photographic tool; the camera. A trained photographer understands the photographic techniques.

This is what each of the six contributors to the book that was edited by Udeze outlined. The techniques would include a proper understanding of the camera, how it functions, knowing how to compose an image on the camera, making a good use of the lens and how much light exposure an image requires to a point where the aperture can be sufficiently manipulated to achieve the best illumination for the image. These are the same guide that the video cameraman is espoused to do his recording of any scene.

But while the photographer is given to mere composing and snapping of the ‘‘aware photograph’’ and sometimes does the ‘‘semi-aware photograph’’; all these are different types of photography, the photojournalist comes on differently.

He combines all of the afore-mentioned types with the ‘‘candid photograph’’ which gives the images factual voices because of the telling nature; an active perception of the scene. This requires of the photojournalist to have ‘‘speed, instinct, anticipation, ingenuity and presence’’, to get images snapped in the instant of the moment to retain an active telling voice of the image[s].

In the entire twelve chapters of the book, the contributors gave a rather expository outlook of the role and influence pictures have on the viewer. It is such an unequivocal authority stamped on the mind, much stronger than words alone can wield. There is an impelling order it demands when it is connected to the scene, a sense that is created on the audience when accompanying the news report.

The pin point emphasis is that picture alone has a universal language and interpretation which cannot be confused. Indeed, there is the need to give pictures a good storage, proper captioning, and not ignoring the need to engage in an effective sourcing from agencies when it is needed together with understanding how to properly arrange the picture to tell its messages.

The contributors differently asserted that while photojournalists are photographers the same cannot be said of the photographer in the reverse order. This is so because it is not all photographers that have the tacit discipline off required of a photojournalist. The modus of operandi is just not the same with the discipline of journalism eluding the mere photographers.

In fact, photography started in the 1770. At that time the killing of five Boston Patriots by the British was capture in pictures. Then there was the 1774 sociological cartoon which got wide admiration. It was Matthew Brady who popularized photography, giving it a wider spectrum of use in the field of journalism.
He took picture of Abraham Lincoln with the purpose of reconstructing the public impression of Lincoln. And that act, singularly drove Lincoln into the admiration of the America electorate who voted massively for Lincoln and he won the presidential election.

And in using picture in the journalistic sense requires that the photojournalist be guided by the need to take pictures that have human angles. He must also respect the privacy of the people in the picture and seek their consent before giving it a wide publicity as a news item.

This will steer him away from needless confrontation with the sedition articles and indeed the ethics of journalism practice. But the more bizarre the picture, the more newsworthy sense it attracts making its cost higher. But it must be within the borders of copyright.

The contributor asserted that it is increasingly difficult to see any journal of whatever nature without the evidence of what the photojournalist has done. And the alluring effect of pictures.

The book does have some typography errors and blurrily printed pages. But the effort truly has added to academic knowledge as it is written purely for instructional purposes.




 
 

*Tamunobarabi Gogo Ibulubo, with training from FRCN/BBC and NTA College, is a journalist. He writes and some of his poems with prosaic sounds, interestingly communicate idea, vision or feeling with vivid imaginary and interplay of words.  His art is a display of an individual expression of artistic essence directed towards a popular audience.And some of them have appeared in anthologies. And his work ‘Touch the Sky’ was short listed for 2009 ANA/FUNTIME children book award. His is a fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Administrators and Researchers. . He has certificates and degrees in Mass Communication, Public Relations, English Education and Business Management.



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